常用肥料对作物重金属积累的影响及其机理研究进展

我国肥料用量和种类均日益增多，其重金属含量及对作物重金属积累影响复杂，亟待全面开展肥料重金属安全性评价工作。从常见肥料重金属含量、肥料对作物积累重金属的影响及影响机理三方面阐述了肥料重金属安全性评价的研究进展。有机肥和固废堆肥重金属污染问题严重，无机化肥和其他新型肥料中重金属污染问题也不容忽视。肥料一方面可以作为重金属污染源对土壤和作物造成重金属污染，另一方面也可能通过改变土壤中重金属的赋存形态、影响作物根对重金属的吸收和根向地上部分的转运等生化机理而影响作物中重金属含量。在比较了常见肥料中重金属污染特征、生物积累行为及机理基础上，对肥料重金属安全性评价的研究前景进行了展望。     

磷硫配施对冬小麦硒吸收及转运的影响

为了探讨磷硫配施对冬小麦产量、硒的吸收及转运的影响，为生产富硒小麦或合理调控小麦硒含量提供理论依据，采用盆栽试验，设置不同磷、硫水平，在小麦成熟期测定产量及植株各部位硒含量。结果表明：硫磷的配合施用能显著提高冬小麦产量，S0.1P0.4处理下冬小麦产量最高。除颖壳外，冬小麦各部位硒含量最高值都出现在S0P0处理。不论施硫与否，施磷均能显著降低冬小麦各部位硒含量，提高小麦植株硒累积量，促进冬小麦茎叶向颖壳的硒迁移，降低根向茎叶、颖壳向籽粒的硒迁移系数，还会减小籽粒的硒分配。单独施硫会降低植株的硒累积量，促进冬小麦根向茎叶、茎叶向颖壳的硒迁移，降低颖壳向籽粒的硒迁移系数，低硫处理能增加小麦籽粒的硒分配，高硫处理则降低了籽粒的硒分配。S0P0.2处理能显著提高籽粒硒累积量，而高浓度的磷硫配施会降低籽粒硒累积量；S0.1P0和S0.1P0.2处理籽粒硒分配较大,分别是45.3%和44.8%。因此，硫磷的合理配施能显著提高小麦产量，低硫（S0.1）高磷（P0.4）处理增产最显著。低硫（S0.1）低磷（P0.2）处理能更有效地增加植株硒累积量，增强硒在籽粒中的累积。     

Y-S-Y12发酵液和生物质热解液混配对辣椒炭疽病的防治及作用机理

为探究解淀粉芽孢杆菌Y-S-Y12拮抗菌发酵液和生物质热解液混配对辣椒炭疽病的协同防病作用及其作用机理，对不同浓度生物质热解液、拮抗细菌Y-S-Y12菌株的发酵浓缩液及其混配溶液对辣椒炭疽病的抑菌作用进行检测，计算出毒力方程，根据EC50值将两种溶液进行混配，求得最佳配比。通过活体试验检测Y-S-Y12菌株对辣椒炭疽病果实的防治效果，测定叶片超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD)、过氧化物酶（peroxidase，POD）和过氧化氢酶（hydrogen peroxidase，CAT）活性，并探究各药剂对辣椒炭疽病病菌菌丝的细胞膜通透性、生理代谢和菌丝形态的影响。结果显示，Y-S-Y12菌株发酵浓缩液和生物质热解液以1∶9混配具有明显的协同增效作用;混配的防效显著高于单剂，防效达到79.62%，进一步说明混配具有增效作用。混剂处理的辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝中的几丁质酶活性、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性和蛋白酶活性显著高于对照和单剂处理，处理后菌体的保护屏障被打破，使培养液的电导率、外渗液中蛋白质和核酸含量上升。混剂处理的辣椒叶片中SOD、POD、CAT酶活性显著高于对照和单剂处理，说明辣椒植株抗病性增强。综上，Y-S-Y12菌株发酵液和生物质热解液混配对辣椒炭疽病有协同防病作用，可能是因为Y-S-Y12菌株具有破坏辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝和诱导辣椒植株抗病性作用。研究为辣椒炭疽病无公害防治提供理论依据。     

Root architecture of sorghum genotypes differing in root angles under different water regimes

Plant root architecture offers the potential for increasing soil water accessibility, particularly under water-limited conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the root architecture in two genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differing in root angles and to assess the influence of different deficit irrigation regimes on root architecture. The response of two sorghum genotypes, ‘Early Hegari-Sart’ (EH; steep root angle) and ‘Bk7’ (shallow root angle) to four irrigation treatments was investigated in two replicated outdoor studies using large pots. The results indicated that EH possessed steeper brace and crown root angles, fewer brace roots, greater root biomass, and root length density than Bk7 at deeper soil depths (i.e., 15–30 and 30–45 cm) compared with a shallower depth (i.e., 0–15 cm). Across the soil profile, EH had greater root length density and length of roots of small diameter (<1 mm) than Bk7. Accordingly, EH showed more rapid soil-water capture than Bk7. Different levels of irrigation input greatly affected root architecture. Severe deficit irrigation (25% of full crop transpiration throughout the season) increased the angle and number of crown roots, root biomass, and root length density compared with 75 and 100% of full crop transpiration treatments. Consequently, root system architecture can be effectively manipulated through both genotypic selection and irrigation management to ensure optimal performance under different levels of soil available water.     

Dietary α‐linolenic acid affects lipid metabolism and tissue fatty acid profile and induces apoptosis in intraperitoneal adipose tissue of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the effects and mechanism action of dietary α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) on lipid accumulation and fatty acid profile of muscle, hepatopancreas and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) in juvenile grass carp using three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing 0.0% (control group), 1.0% and 2.0% ALA, respectively. The lowest intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was found in 2.0% group. In the muscle, hepatopancreas and IPF, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) contents increased with the increase in dietary ALA. In the IPF, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 showed the highest activities in 2.0% group, while the value of Bcl‐2/Bax (B‐cell leukaemia 2/Bcl‐2‐associated X protein) reached the lowest. Meanwhile, swelling of the IPF mitochondria was observed in 2.0% group. The gene expressions of fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and fatty acid elongase (ELO) in the hepatopancreas and muscle showed significantly higher levels in the treatment groups, whereas an opposite trend was existed in the IPF. Fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) in the IPF and hepatopancreas reached the lowest in 2.0% group. Overall, dietary ALA could promote n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) synthesis and suppress the accumulation of lipid by decreasing the expression of related genes and promoting the apoptosis in IPF.     

The role of lignin and cellulose in the carbon-cycling of degraded soils under semiarid climate and their relation to microbial biomass

A high level of biological degradation is usually observed in soils under semiarid climate where the low inputs of vegetal debris constraint the development of microbiota. Among vegetal inputs, cellulose and lignin are dominant substrates but their assimilation by the microbial community of semiarid soils is yet not understood. In the present study, ¹³C-labeled cellulose and ¹³C-labeled lignin (75 μg ¹³C g⁻¹ soil) were added to two semiarid soils with different properties and degradation level. Abanilla soil is a bare, highly degraded soil without plant cover growing on it and a total organic C content of 5.0 g kg⁻¹; Santomera soil is covered by plants (20% coverage) based on xerophytic shrubs and has a total organic C content of 12.0 g kg⁻¹. The fate of added carbon was evaluated by analysis of the carbon isotope signature of bulk soil-derived carbon and extractable carbon fractions (water and sodium-pyrophosphate extracts). At long-term (120 days), we observed that the stability of cellulose- and lignin-derived carbon was dependent on their chemical nature. The contribution of lignin-derived carbon to the pool of humic substances was higher than that of cellulose. However, at short-term (30 days), the mineralization of the added substrates was more related to the degradation level of soils (i.e. microbial biomass). Stable isotope probing (SIP) of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA-SIP) analysis revealed that just a minor part of the microbial community assimilated the carbon derived from cellulose and lignin. Moreover, the relative contribution of each microbial group to the assimilation of lignin-derived carbon was different in each soil.     

磷肥用量对冬作马铃薯镁素积累与分配特征的影响

以费乌瑞它脱毒种薯为材料,通过大田试验研究4个磷肥水平,即0(P0)、45.0(P1)、90.0(P2)、135.0(P3)kg/hm~2对冬作马铃薯镁积累与分配特征的影响。结果表明:各处理马铃薯整株镁积累量呈先升高后降低变化趋势,齐苗后17~45 d为快速积累期,在齐苗后59 d出现峰值,齐苗后73 d,各处理全株镁积累量表现为:P1P2P3P0;块茎镁积累量呈持续升高趋势,齐苗后73 d,各处理块茎镁积累量表现为:P1P2P3P0,但各处理间并未产生显著差异;各处理镁在叶片中的分配比例均呈逐渐降低趋势;镁在茎中的分配比例整体呈逐渐降低趋势,变幅不大,而在块茎中的分配比例呈持续上升趋势;整个生育期间,镁在各生育阶段各器官的分配比例呈现:叶茎(齐苗后3 d);叶茎块茎(齐苗后17 d);叶块茎茎(齐苗后31~45 d);块茎叶茎(齐苗后59~73 d)的动态变化过程,镁在块茎中的分配率以P1处理最大,为60.38%。供试条件下,磷肥施用量在P1水平下可提高马铃薯镁积累量,P2、P3水平的用量则会降低镁的积累;平均每生产1 000 kg块茎,植株需从土壤中吸收镁0.253 kg.     

猪粪施用量对红壤旱地理化性质及酶活性的影响

为研究猪粪的合理施用及其对红壤旱地地力提升的效应,利用在第四纪红壤旱地中连续3年分别施用0、7.5、15、30、45 t·hm~(-2)猪粪的小区定位试验,比较不同处理下菠菜和玉米地上部生物量、土壤相关理化性质、碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的差异。结果表明:菠菜和玉米地上部生物量、土壤有机质、土壤全量和速效态氮磷钾含量均随猪粪施用量的增加呈线性增加。当猪粪施用量达45 t·hm~(-2)时菠菜、玉米平均地上部生物量分别达到11.48、20.84 t·hm~(-2),土壤有机质和全氮、全磷含量分别达14.6、1.07、0.73 g·kg~(-1),土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别达85.47、106.9、411.7 mg·kg~(-1),但与猪粪施用量为15和30t·hm~(-2)时土壤养分含量的差异不显著,而土壤中与碳氮磷循环相关的6种酶活性则与猪粪施用量呈线性相关,且在施用量为30或45t·hm~(-2)时出现显著差异;6种酶活性与土壤有机质、养分含量间均具有显著或极显著正相关关系。研究结果显示,第四纪红壤旱地在本试验猪粪施用量范围内,土壤有机质和养分含量、酶活性等指标均随施用量的增加而相应提高,作物地上部生物量亦呈线性增加,但同时须注意土壤速效态养分含量过高可能带来的氮磷流失加剧等问题。     

河北太行山区典型水土保持林乔木层生物量及碳储量研究

以河北太行山区4种典型水土保持林为研究对象,对混交林(栓皮栎-侧柏)、油松林、栓皮栎林和刺槐林的乔木层各器官生物量、含碳率以及碳储量进行比较研究。结果表明:混交林、油松林、栓皮栎林和刺槐林生物量分别为51.94,86.40,90.19,18.08t/hm^2,栓皮栎林和油松林生物量高于4种水土保持林生物量的均值(61.65t/hm^2),而混交林和刺槐林生物量分别占生物量均值的84.25%,29.33%。不同林分各器官在乔木层生物量中分配顺序均表现为树干>树根>树枝>树叶。4种典型林分各器官含碳率分别为45.16%~58.93%,58.48%~64.61%,51.16%~58.37%,52.35%~62.30%。4种典型林分碳储量为10.10~53.85t/hm^2。不同林分类型各器官碳储量与生物量呈正比关系,与生物量趋势基本相同,碳储量大小表现为油松林>栓皮栎林>混交林>刺槐林。